Shield Nickel 1866-1883: Design, History, and Collectors' Treasures

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Shield Nickel 1866 - 1883

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During the war the federal government issued series after series of fractional currency. These "shinplasters" as they were known, rapidly soiled in circulation and were despised by the public. When yet another five-cent issue of fractional currency was introduced in 1865, it was enough to push Mint Director James Pollock to endorse a five-cent coin made of nickel. Pollock had previously been an opponent of nickel coinage. He saw first hand how difficult 12% nickel coins (the 1857-64 cents) were to strike and how the hard, brittle metal broke dies and injured the Mint's machinery. He also knew how politically persuasive one Joseph Wharton was in the halls of Congress. Wharton owned the largest nickel mine in America and had lobbied Congress for many years to use the metal in the nation's coinage. But after the third issue of five-cent fractional currency was released to unfavorable public opinion, Pollock was finally convinced that the nation's best interests would be served by striking a new five-cent coin in nickel, even if it meant adding to the already wide assortment of small denomination coins then in use. These included the half cent, large cent, copper-nickel cent, two-cent piece, three-cent nickel, three-cent silver and silver half-dime. Most of these coins were not circulating due to wartime hoarding. Pollock looked at the nickel five-cent piece as a temporary measure, a coin that would circulate and replace the universally unpopular fractional notes until such a time as the silver half-dime could return to circulation.

As originally proposed, the nickel five-cent piece was to weigh not more than 60 grains (or 3.88 grams expressed metrically) and be composed of 75% copper and 25% nickel. The House Coinage Committee intended for the new coin's weight to be expressed in metric units, but could not bring itself to publicly state so. The next metric weight would have been four grams, but this unit was mysteriously bypassed and five grams was the weight adopted. But rather than express the weight in this simple term, the enabling legislation required the coin weigh 77.16 grains, the English equivalent of five grams.

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Shield nickels were only struck in the Philadelphia Mint, and more than 126 million were produced from 1866 until the next design change in 1883. For such a short-lived series there are a surprising number of rarities. The two key issues are from 1877 and 1878 when only proofs were struck. Among business strikes, the years 1879-1881 are low mintage dates and worth large premiums in all grades. There are two overdates, the 1879/8, an overdated proof and the 1883/2. Proofs were struck every year and include one of the most important 19th century rarities, the proof 1867 nickel with rays. Only 25 pieces are believed to have been struck. Counterfeits are plentiful bearing the dates 1870-76, and they were widely circulated in the New York-New Jersey area during the 1870s. They are not deceptive, however, as the design differs slightly from genuine coins. Striking details are often ill-defined on Shield nickels, and high grade coins that are weakly struck must be graded by the amount of mint luster still remaining. The points to first show wear are the cross and leaves on the obverse and the numeral 5 on the reverse.

Shield nickels are collected by both date and type collectors. Although a relatively short-lived series, it's challenging to collect by date because of the scarce, low mintage issues. Assembling sets of fully struck coins by date, however, can be somewhat frustrating. Type collectors usually acquire one example each of the Rays and No Rays design.

In 1883 the Shield nickel was dropped in favor of Charles Barber's new Greco-Roman headed Liberty nickel. The Shield nickel, though, was the first nickel five-cent piece, and while the design has changed several times since 1866, the basic 5 gram "nickel" has remained a mainstay of our modern coinage system.

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Shield Nickel 1866 - 1883

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